Extrathymic differentiation of resident T cells in the joints of mice with collagen-induced arthritis

Murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is known as a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, although autoantibodies are also suspected to be associated with the onset of the disease. To determine the origin of such T cells in the joints of mice with CIA, their phenotypic properties as well as those of T cells in other immune organs were examined in DBA/1 mice. Since a significant number of mononuclear cells (MNC) was also yielded by the joints of normal DBA/1 mice, the properties of these T cells were examined in parallel. When CIA was induced by an intradermal injection of type II collagen at the base of the tail, the numbers of MNC yielded by the regional lymph nodes and the foot joints were doubled. Interestingly, regardless of the onset of CIA, the joints were always comprised of unique T cell populations, including IL-2(R)alpha- beta+ T cells, gammadelta T cells, CD8alpha+ beta- cells, and CD44+ L-selectin- cells. All these properties coincide with those of extrathymic T cells in liver and intestine. In the case of gammadelta T cells in joints, Vgamma and Vdelta usages were unique and different from those in the other organs. More importantly, Vgamma and Vdelta usages in gammadelta T cells in the joints of normal mice and in those of mice with CIA were essentially the same. Taken together with the expression of recombination-activating gene-1 and -2 mRNAs by MNC in mice with CIA, these findings raise the possibility that the joints have their own resident T cells that are extrathymically generated in situ.     

Transverse colonic stenosis

A 3-year child presented with episodic lower abdominal pain; during the eighth attack, a mass was palpable in the left upper quadrant, and a barium enema revealed a stenotic area in the transverse colon. This was resected and an uneventful postoperative course followed. Subsequently, the child has remained symptom-free. instruments are no longer in use.     

Deterioration of connectin/titin and nebulin filaments by an excess of protease inhibitors

OBJECTIVE: To investigate HLA class II allele associations with autoantibody responses to Ro/SS-A and La/SS-B among Japanese subjects. METHODS: Haplotype and allele distributions, along with molecular polymorphisms, of HLA class II genes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 41 Japanese women with precipitating autoantibodies to Ro/SS-A and/or La/SS-B. RESULTS: Among women with both Ro/SS-A and La/SS-B antibodies, the HLA class II haplotype DRB1*08032/DQA1*0103/DQB1*0601 and DRB1*08032 allele showed significantly increased frequencies compared with patients with anti-Ro/SS-A alone or with normal controls. All women with both anti-Ro/SS-A and anti-La/SS-B, but not those with anti-Ro/SS-A alone, carried DRB1 alleles that shared the same amino acid residues at positions 14-31 and 71 of the hypervariable regions of the DRB1 chain. All anti-Ro/SS-A positive women carried 1 or 2 alleles of DQB1*06 and DQB1*03 subtypes that shared the same amino acid residues at positions 71-77 of the DQB1 chain. HLA class II allele distributions did not differ among 3 anti-Ro/SS-A positive groups with different disease expressions, i.e., patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, patients with primary Sj?gren's syndrome, and women with no apparent symptoms of rheumatic disease. CONCLUSION: HLA class II allele distributions differ among anti-Ro/SS-A positive subjects according to the presence or absence of coexisting anti-La/SS-B antibodies, but not according to disease expression. Our findings suggest that different HLA class II molecules might control the development of anti-Ro/SS-A and/or anti-La/SS-B antibodies in the autoimmune response to the Ro/SS-A-La/SS-B complex.     

Histo-pathological study of a glass-ionomer/resin (Geristore) restoration system

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate histo-pathologically the pulpal reaction to a glass-ionomer/resin (Geristore) restoration system in human teeth. Black's class I cavities were prepared in 22 human teeth; these were divided into 2 groups, one with the Geristore after cavity was cleaned with 10% NaOCl solution and 3% H2O2 solution (Group G) and the other with the Geristore after the cavity was applied with Mirage-Bond (Group MG). The treated teeth were observed clinically over 90 days after operation. They were then extracted for histological examination. No unpleasant symptoms were noted. A few pathological changes were observed. No histo-pathological score differences were observed between groups G and MG. The average evaluation score of pathological results in both groups G and MG were excellent. Microorganisms observed in the cavity dentin of the group G was fewer than in group MG. In some cases, microorganisms were observed along the dentin walls. In conclusion, the pulpal injury due to this Geristore restoration system was slight, and the system was considered to be safe for the pulp and clinically useful.     

Changes of biochemical markers during fracture healing

Clinical diagnosis of canine nasal mite (Pneumonyssoides caninum) infection is difficult due to the mite's location in the caudal nasal cavity and frontal sinuses. The current study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of milbemycin oxime in treating dogs with nasal mite infection. A prospective open uncontrolled study included 20 dogs with case histories indicating possible nasal mite infection. Inclusion criteria consisted of either nasal mites being demonstrated (group 1, four dogs), or suspicious clinical signs with no other apparent causes, combined with eosinophilia (group 2, 16 dogs). Milbemycin oxime 1 mg/kg was given orally three times at 10-day intervals. In 17 (85 per cent) dogs, clinical signs resolved completely following milbemycin therapy; within 10 days of the first treatment in 13 cases (group 1, four dogs; group 2, nine dogs) and within 14 days in four cases. In the remaining three dogs clinical signs persisted but were diminished.     

Detection of a tryptophan radical as an intermediate species in the reaction of horseradish peroxidase mutant (Phe-221 --> Trp) and hydrogen peroxide

The crucial reaction intermediate in the reaction of peroxidase with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), compound I, contains a porphyrin pi-cation radical in horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which catalyzes oxidation of small organic and inorganic compounds, whereas cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) has a radical center on the tryptophan residue (Trp-191) and oxidizes the redox partner, cytochrome c. To investigate the roles of the amino acid residue near the heme active center in discriminating the function of the peroxidases in these two enzymes, we prepared a CcP-like HRP mutant, F221W (Phe-221 --> Trp). Although the rapid spectral scanning and stopped-flow experiments confirmed that the F221W mutant reacts with H2O2 to form the porphyrin pi-cation radical at the same rate as for the wild-type enzyme, the characteristic spectral features of the porphyrin pi-cation radical disappeared rapidly, and were converted to the compound II-type spectrum. The EPR spectrum of the resultant species produced by reduction of the porphyrin pi-cation radical, however, was quite different from that of compound II in HRP, showing typical signals from a Trp radical as found for CcP. The sequential radical formation from the porphyrin ring to the Trp residue implies that the proximal Trp is a key residue in the process of the radical transfer from the porphyrin ring, which differentiates the function of peroxidases.     

A novel strategy of cell targeting based on tissue-specific expression of the ecotropic retrovirus receptor gene

Gene transfer into specific tissues or cell types is a key technique in the development of gene therapy. Modification of vector particles such that they selectively bind to the target cells has been attempted, but the limitation of this approach is the low transduction efficiency. Here, we show that a two-step gene transfer system can be used for efficient cell targeting. With this strategy, and using a high-titer adenoviral vector containing a tissue-specific promoter, we have engineered a system in which only target cells become susceptible to retrovirus-mediated transduction. In a model experiment, we constructed an adenoviral vector (Ad.AFPEcoRec) containing the ecotropic retrovirus receptor (EcoRec) gene under the control of the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter. A binding assay showed that after transduction with AD.AFPEcoRec, EcoRec molecules were efficiently expressed in AFP+HepG2 cells, but not in AFP-HeLa and AFP-HLE cells. The EcoRec-expressing HepG2 cells could be stably transduced with ecotropic retroviral vectors, whereas HeLa and HLE cells remained highly resistant to retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. The apparent titer on HepG2 cells was greater than 2 x 10(5) CFU/ml. Because various tissue-specific promoter/enhancer elements are available, the two-step system could be used as a general strategy for both ex vivo and in vivo targeted gene transfer.     

Effect of grain size on creep of Ti-53.4mol%Al intermetallics at 1100 K

Constant stress creep under compression stress, 100 to 316 MPa, at 1100 K was investigated on single-phase TiAl intermetallics. The material was ingot-cast, isothermally forged, and then annealed to produce stable equi-axed grain structures, whose average grain diameters were 25, 42 and 70m. Creep curves were very similar among the three specimens with different grain diameters and the creep rates at a given strain, as well as the minimum creep rates, depended little on grain size. Two regimes were observed on the stress dependence of the minimum creep rate. The stress exponent under high stresses was about 4.5, independent of grain size. Under stresses lower than about 150 MPa it became about 8.     

Preparation of oriented gold plate/cellulose nanofiber composite films by using TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber as a reducing agent

Microsystem Technologies - TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN) has been drawing much attention as a useful material for preparation of transparent and stiff films or substrates. In this work,...     

A novel quarter‐wave retardation film for improving viewing angle properties in time‐sequential stereoscopic 3D‐LCDs

We have successfully developed a quarter‐wave retardation film (QWF) for wide viewing angle 3D liquid crystal displays (3D‐LCDs) that provides high luminance, low crosstalk, low color change, and low head‐tilt‐angle dependency. It was found that the out‐of‐plane retardation (Rth) of the QWF in the LCD needs to be close to 0 nm in order to improve the 3D display properties at an off‐axis position and that the in‐plane retardation (Re) needs to be adjusted from 120 to 130 nm to achieve low color change with head tilting. We adopted a coating process for making our QWF because of its potential for retardation control. 3D‐LCDs with this QWF whose Rth was nearly zero had high performance and allowed off‐axis other than on‐axis.